From Waste to Watts: Updates on Key Applications of Microbial Fuel Cells in Wastewater Treatment and Energy Production

Due to fossil fuel depletion and the rapid growth of industry, it is critical develop environmentally friendly long-term alternative energy technologies. Microbial cells (MFCs) are a powerful platform for extracting from various sources converting electricity. As no intermediate steps required harness electricity organic substrate’s stored chemical energy, MFC technology offers sustainable source production. The generation substances contained in waste using could provide cost-effective solution issue environmental pollution shortages near future. Thus, technical advancements bioelectricity production wastewater becoming commercially viable. practical limitations, although promising prospects have been reported recent investigations, MFCs incapable upscaling high-energy In this review paper, intensive research has conducted on MFCs’ applications treatment wastewater. Several types extensively studied, including municipal or domestic waste, industrial brewery wastewater, urine waste. Furthermore, removal nutrients (nitrogen sulphates) precious metals were also intensively reviewed. result, efficacy achieving power critically addressed study.